ConstipationIntroduction: In
general practice constipation is an important symptom that brings patients to
see their physician. There seems to be a lot of confusion in the general public
about this topic. It starts by defining what a normal bowel movement is. There
are enormous cultural differences. For instance, in Africa where the population
eats on average a much larger amount of fiber, the bowel movements are much bulkier. Sir
Dr. Burkitt, the famous English surgeon, examined bowel movements (stools) of
African tribes in comparison to his English countrymen and came to the conclusion
that in the Western world we need to remedy our constipation problem and cancer
of the colon problem by eating more fiber. He is still right: fiber is mainly
treating the constipation (not preventing the cancer), but the chemicals that
are also in the vegetables contain a multitude of natural anti-carcinogenic substances,
which provide the powerful preventative action against colon cancer and many other
cancers. Lycopene is one of these and is found in tomatoes and tomato products.
Sir Dr. Burkitt's observation that high bulk food (with vegetables and green
leaves) prevents cancer is as valid today as it was in the early part of the 1900's.
Next there is the question how often we should defecate. In a country where high
fiber intake is the norm a daily or twice daily bowel movement is normal. However,
in the Western world in highly developed countries the norm may be a bowel movement
every other day. However, I do believe that this is unhealthy and is likely the
reason for a high colon cancer rate. This is supported by the literature (Ref.2).
To answer this difficult question of what a normal bowel movement rate would be,
the answer is likely once every day, but those who eat a lot of vegetables may
aften get a second bowel movement due to the extra bulk. Gastroenterologists now
feel that twice per day is likely better than once. Symptoms:
There are different types of constipation. Acute
constipation: This is a condition where there is
a sudden change from a normal bowel pattern to a bowel movement, which is 1 or
2 days delayed. There might be bloatedness, a sense of fullness in the
abdomen, particularly in the left lower abdomen and occasionally sharp stinging
pains. This could be an ominous sign of a partial closing down of the colon lumen
by a tumor. But it could be harmless as the patient had become bedridden and there
was less physical activity. A case like this needs to be examined by a physician
to rule out more serious problems like diverticulitis, head trauma, spinal cord
lesion, side effect of drugs( iron salts, pain pills, tranquilizers, sedatives).
Chronic constipation: Chronic
constipiation cases that start insidiously, but then remain despite taking a high
fiber diet, make the doctor think about other underlying causes such as hypothyroidism
(= low thyroid function) or other metabolic causes such as hypercalcemia and uremia
from early kidney failure. We find that elderly people become too inactive,
which lowers the natural peristalsis of the gut, and this combined with poor eating
habits and chewing problems because of poor teeth is often responsible for the
chronic constipation. Also the elderly often are on multiple drugs, all of which
have a weak "anticholinergic" side-effect, which translates into suppressing
peristalsis chemically and resulting in constipation. Psychogenic factors and
chronic depression as well as obsessive-compulsive behavior will often lead to
a hyper awareness of one's own bowel pattern, which is unhealthy and needs to
be addressed by counseling, once the doctor has ruled out any serious cause of
the chronic constipation. The physician will examine with a rectal examination
to rule out lower rectal lesions, hemorrhoids, anal fissures, benign polyps or
cancer. The next test that gastroenterologists are using is a rectosigmoidoscopy
and colonoscopy (= the Rolls Royce of colon exams). Occasionally a double Barium
enema is done to look at the lining of the bowel wall. Treatment
for constipation: Obviously the cause needs to be identified
meaning that a physician needs to be consulted first. If no serious disease is
found (cancer of the colon or rectum) and no metabolic disease is present that
needs treatment, then the following steps likely will be recommended.
| Treatment for
constipation: | - Food
intake needs to be modified to include as much fresh and steamed vegetables as
tolerated. This will lead to bulk in the colon and this will make the stool softer
thus allowing it to pass through the rectum and anal canal easier. The other advantage
of this simple step is that the bulkiness of the stool triggers the normal peristalsis
movement of the colon moving the contents towards the rectum and out. By decreasing
the passage time in the colon less water is absorbed, keeping the stool soft and
pliable until it gets pushed through the anal canal. This is easily achieved by
a diet rich in fruits and vegetables. Cereals containing bran, slow rolled oats(
not instant) are also useful particularly for breakfast. Cut down on meat and
fat consumption.
- A simple tool is an enema with lukewarm
water (1500 ml or 50 fl.oz.) in a Faultless enema bag without any additives in
it. The person who gets the enema needs to lay on the left side so that the water
can flow in easily. When entering the nozzle into the anal canal, do not force
it, but use a bit of Vaseline ointment to facilitate entrance. The response usually
comes within 5 to 10 minutes following the enema. It works by dilatation of the
bowel wall, which leads to a reflex bowel contraction. This would be safe to take
every day, but usually should not have to be taken more than two or three times
per week even in chronic constipation.
- Next, if this
is not tolerated or does not appeal to the patient I would recommend a bulking
agent such as psyllium (brand names: Prodiem Plain, Metamucil, Novo-Mucilax) and
bran (Brand names: Kellogg's All Bran and Post's bran flakes). These are mild
laxatives, which are safe to take every day and which will not make the patient
hypokalemic.
- Osmotic agent: One or two tablespoons of
sorbitol as a 70% solution is a hyperosmotic solution, which stays in the gut
and draws water by osmosis into the colon. The bulking effect creates peristalsis
and the water retention makes the stool softer. It takes often 1 or two days to
get the full effect. There can be transient abdominal cramps until the stool is
passed. One variation of this theme is to give sorbitol in a mix with other osmotic
agents as a micro-enema in the form of Microlax (from Pharmacia and Upjohn).
- The
"emergency break": Occasionally all of the above is simply too weak
and the constipated person who normally is controlled with the above measures,
simply could not go to the bathroom for several days. Bisacodyl (brand name: Dulcolax)
and sennosides (brand names: Ex-lax Sugar Coated Pills and Senokot products)
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I do not recommend any other products because they are expensive
and not as effective. With mineral oil, for instance, there are dangers of aspiration
with subsequent life threatening lipid pneumonia. Even with the suggestions above,
one should always start on top and work with dietary changes first. It takes a
few days to see the effect. Avoid the "emergency break" on a regular
basis. This would be called laxative abuse and has devastating consequences as
the body loses potassium and this in turn leads to secondary hyperaldosteronism
(an increase of a mineralocorticoid hormone from the adrenal glands) and possible
kidney damage (Bartter's syndrome). The key to remember is that laxatives
are only occasional emergency breaks that should not be taken daily. Because
of its role in nutrient absorption and body detoxification the digestive system
plays a direct role in overall health and wellness. When the colon is unclean,
waste and toxins can become trapped placing an extra strain on the detoxification
organs and reducing immunity, thus causing illness. Colon cleansing with all natural
fiber and herbs is an excellent way to maintain colon
health while detoxifying the body.
| Remember: "
Do not abuse laxatives!" |
The other fact is that when bisacodyl and sennosides are taken daily, they stop
working after a few weeks because the body gets used to the medication. So by
treating these laxatives like an "emergency break only", the colon is
responding to the medication when it is needed and all the other potential dangers
like Bartter's syndrome and hypokalemia are not a problem. Here is a site
that shows an image
of how bowel movements form in the colon. |
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